Dari Teks Ke Praktik: Studi Arsip Manuskrip Fiqh Klasik Dan Fatwa Kontemporer Tentang Bencana (Nawazil) Untuk Membangun Kerangka Konseptual Ekonomi Bencana Islam
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31004/joecy.v6i1.7502Keywords:
Islamic Disaster Economics, Nawazil, Classical Fiqh, Contemporary Fatwa, Sharia Fintech, Economic ResilienceAbstract
Bencana alam dan krisis global merupakan tantangan sistemik yang mengancam stabilitas ekonomi. Dalam perspektif hukum dan ekonomi Islam, fenomena ini dikategorikan sebagai nawazil (peristiwa hukum baru) yang menuntut respons epistemologis yang mendalam. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membangun kerangka konseptual komprehensif yang disebut "Ekonomi Bencana Islam" (Islamic Disaster Economics) dengan mengintegrasikan warisan fikih klasik, otoritas fatwa kontemporer, dan inovasi instrumen keuangan modern. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan studi konseptual-historis dan analisis isi kualitatif terhadap tiga lapis sumber: manuskrip fikih klasik (khususnya karya Al-Burzuli dan Al-Wansyarisi), fatwa otoritatif (dari OKI dan DSN-MUI), serta 16 artikel ilmiah terindeks Scopus periode 2020–2024.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa literatur klasik telah menyediakan fondasi prinsipial melalui konsep darurah (darurat), maslahah mursalah (kemaslahatan umum), dan ‘adl (keadilan distributif). Prinsip-prinsip ini berhasil dikontekstualisasikan dalam fatwa kontemporer, yang mentransformasikan instrumen filantropi Islam (ZISWAF) menjadi mekanisme penyerap krisis yang dinamis. Kebaruan (novelty) penelitian ini terletak pada sintesis holistik yang menjembatani etika teks klasik dengan solusi teknologi modern, seperti pemanfaatan Kecerdasan Buatan (AI) untuk respons fatwa cepat dan Fintech syariah untuk memastikan distribusi bantuan yang efisien dan transparan. Lebih lanjut, kerangka yang diusulkan mengkristal dalam sebuah model siklus empat tahap manajemen bencana: Pencegahan, Tanggap Darurat, Pemulihan, dan Pembangunan Kembali yang Resilien.
Kesimpulan dan Implikasi dari studi ini adalah terbangunnya sebuah model kebijakan operasional bagi regulator dan lembaga keuangan syariah. Model ini mendorong adopsi tata kelola syariah yang proaktif, berbasis nilai (value-based), dan responsif dalam menghadapi ketidakpastian global di masa depan. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini tidak hanya mengisi celah (gap) literatur yang belum mengintegrasikan khazanah fikih nawazil dengan teknologi finansial modern, tetapi juga menawarkan jalan aplikatif bagi penguatan ketahanan ekonomi berlandaskan syariah.
Kata Kunci: Ekonomi Bencana Islam, Nawazil, Fikih Klasik, Fatwa Kontemporer, Fintech Syariah, Ketahanan Ekonomi.
ABSTRACT
Natural disasters and global crises are systemic challenges that threaten economic stability. From an Islamic legal and economic perspective, this phenomenon is categorized as nawazil (new legal events) that require a deep epistemological response. The purpose of this study is to develop a comprehensive conceptual framework called “Islamic Disaster Economics” by integrating classical fiqh heritage, contemporary fatwa authorities, and modern financial instrument innovations. The research method uses a conceptual-historical study approach and qualitative content analysis of three layers of sources: classical fiqh manuscripts (particularly the works of Al-Burzuli and Al-Wansyarisi), authoritative fatwas (from the OIC and DSN-MUI), and 16 Scopus-indexed scientific articles from the 2020–2024 period.
The results show that classical literature has provided a principled foundation through the concepts of darurah (emergency), maslahah mursalah (public interest), and 'adl (distributive justice). These principles have been successfully contextualized in contemporary fatwas, which transform Islamic philanthropy instruments (ZISWAF) into dynamic crisis absorption mechanisms. The novelty of this research lies in its holistic synthesis that bridges classical textual ethics with modern technological solutions, such as the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for rapid fatwa responses and Sharia Fintech to ensure efficient and transparent distribution of aid. Furthermore, the proposed framework crystallizes into a four-stage disaster management cycle model: Prevention, Emergency Response, Recovery, and Resilient Reconstruction.
The conclusion and implication of this study is the development of an operational policy model for regulators and Islamic financial institutions. This model encourages the adoption of proactive, value-based, and responsive Sharia governance in facing future global uncertainties. Thus, this study not only fills a gap in the literature that has not yet integrated the wealth of nawazil fiqh with modern financial technology, but also offers an applicable path for strengthening sharia-based economic resilience.
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